🏷️ Wine classifications

Wine classifications are the rules countries and regions use to sort wines into groups. Wine is most often ranked by origin, by the quality of the grapes and by how long it has been aged. A classification tells you what is in the bottle before you open it.

In Europe the base is the EU wine categories: wine without a geographical indication, wine with a PGI and wine with a PDO, where the rules are strictest. Within these, countries add their own levels: grand cru in France, classico and superiore in Italy, the VDP classification and the Oechsle scale in Germany, KMW in Austria.

There are also historic rankings of top estates, such as the 1855 classification and cru bourgeois in Bordeaux. Outside Europe other systems apply: AVA in the USA, VQA in Canada, WO in South Africa, GI in Australia.

Another set of terms describes age: wine aging, vintage, riserva, Portuguese reserva, and in Ukraine and Moldova ordinary and vintage-aged (marochnoe) wine.